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(詳細はPalestinian Islamist〔〔The New Hamas: Between Resistance and Participation. Middle East Report. Graham Usher, August 21, 2005〕 fundamentalist〔Islamic fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza: Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Jihad, by Ziyād Abū ʻAmr, Indiana University Press, 194, p.66-72〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=CFR.org )〕〔Anti-semitic motifs in the ideology of Hizballah and Hamas, Esther Webman, Project for the Study of Anti-Semitism, 1994. ISBN 978-965-222-592-4〕 socio-political organization with an associated paramilitary force, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades.〔Sela, Avraham. "Hamas." ''The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East''. Ed. Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002. pp. 335–342.〕 Hamas () ''Ḥamās'' is an acronym of حركة المقاومة الاسلامية ''Ḥarakat al-Muqāwamat al-Islāmiyyah'', meaning "Islamic Resistance Movement". Hamas was established in 1987, and has its origins in Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood movement, which had been active in the Gaza Strip since the 1950s and gained influence through a network of mosques and various charitable and social organizations. In the 1980s the Brotherhood emerged as a powerful political factor, challenging the influence of the PLO,〔Anti-semitic motifs in the ideology of Hizballah and Hamas, Esther Webman, Project for the Study of Anti-Semitism, 1994. ISBN 978-965-222-592-4〕 and in 1987 adopted a more nationalist and activist line under the name of Hamas.〔 During the 1990s and early 2000s, the organization conducted numerous suicide bombings and other attacks against Israel. In the Palestinian legislative election of January 2006, Hamas gained a large majority of seats in the Palestinian Parliament, defeating the ruling Fatah party. After the elections, conflicts arose between Hamas and Fatah, which they were unable to resolve.〔("The Gangs of Gaza" ), ''Newsweek'', June 26, 2006.〕〔al-Mughrabi, Nidal and Assadi, Mohammed. (Palestinian in-fighting provokes despair, frustration ), ''Reuters'', October 3, 2006.〕 In June 2007, Hamas defeated Fatah in a series of violent clashes, and since that time Hamas has governed the Gaza portion of the Palestinian Territories, while at the same time they were ousted from government positions in the West Bank.〔(Exposing the bitter truth of Gaza carnage ) The Age June 23, 2007〕 Israel and Egypt then imposed an economic blockade on Gaza and largely sealed their borders with the territory.〔("Gaza faces economic disaster if blockade continues, U.N. official warns" ) International Herald Tribune〕〔Dion Nissenbaum. ("Olmert aide supports free Gaza" ). McClatchy Newspapers. December 8, 2008.〕 After acquiring control of Gaza, Hamas-affiliated and other militias launched rocket attacks upon Israel, which Hamas ceased in June 2008 following an Egyptian-brokered ceasefire. The ceasefire broke down late in 2008, with each side accusing the other of responsibility.〔(Qassam lands in western Negev, no injuries ) Ynet News November 20, 2008〕 In late December 2008, Israel attacked Gaza, withdrawing its forces in mid-January 2009.〔("Israel withdraws its troops from Gaza" ) Times Online〕 ==Early Islamic activism in Gaza== With its takeover of Gaza after the 1967 war with Egypt, Israel hunted down secular Palestinian Liberation Organization factions, but dropped the previous Egyptian rulers' harsh restrictions against Islamic activists. In fact, Israel for many years tolerated and at times encouraged Islamic activists and groups as a counterweight to the secular nationalists of the PLO and its dominant faction, Fatah.〔〔(Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad ) Matthew Levitt & Dennis Ross, Yale University Press, 2007, p. 24. “Scholars and historians on both sides ... agree that from the late 1960s to the mid-1980s the () Brotherhood benefited from the Israeli government's support of non-violent Islamist Palestinian factions, believing these groups would function as a useful counterweight to the secular nationalist Palestinian groups”.〕 Among the activists benefited was Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, leader of the Muslim Brotherhood in Gaza, who had also formed the Islamist group Mujama al-Islamiya, a charity recognized by Israel in 1979. Israel allowed the organization to build mosques, clubs, schools, and a library in Gaza.〔 Yitzhak Segev, the acting governor of Gaza in 1979, said he had no illusions about Yassin's intentions, having watched an Islamist movement topple the Shah as Israel's military attache in Iran. However, according to Segev, Yassin and his charity were "100% peaceful" towards Israel during this time, and Segev and other Israeli officials feared being viewed as an enemy of Islam. Segev maintained regular contact with Yassin, met with him around a dozen times, and arranged for Yassin to be taken to Israel for hospital treatment.〔 Also, Segev said, Fatah was "our main enemy."〔 Islamists frequently attacked secular and leftist Palestinian movements, including Fatah, but the Israeli military avoided getting involved in those quarrels.〔 It stood aside, for example, when Mujama al-Islamiya activists stormed the Red Crescent charity's headquarters in Gaza, but Segev did send soldiers to prevent the burning down of the home of the head of the organization.〔 In 1984 the Israeli army received intelligence that Yassin's followers were collecting arms in Gaza. Israeli troops raided mosques and found a cache of weapons.〔 Yassin was arrested, but told his interrogators the weapons were meant to be used against secular Palestinians, not Israel. The cleric was released a year later and allowed to continue to develop his movement in Gaza.〔 Around the time of Yassin's arrest, Avner Cohen, an Israeli religious affairs official, sent a report to senior military officers and civilian leadership in Gaza advising them of the dangers of the Islamic movement, but this report and similar ones were ignored.〔 Former military intelligence officer Shalom Harari said the warnings were ignored out of neglect, not a desire to fortify the Islamists: "Israel never financed Hamas. Israel never armed Hamas."〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of Hamas」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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